{"id":20769,"date":"2025-02-07T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-07T11:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/idavox.com\/?p=20769"},"modified":"2025-02-06T22:46:51","modified_gmt":"2025-02-07T03:46:51","slug":"josephine-baker-1906-1974-superstar-spy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/idavox.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/07\/josephine-baker-1906-1974-superstar-spy\/","title":{"rendered":"Josephine Baker (1906-1974), Superstar, Spy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Those calling liberals themselves the &#8220;Resistance&#8221; with the political climate in the midst in the America, need to take a look at Josephine Baker and know they are doing &#8220;resistance&#8221; wrong. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.warhistoryonline.com\/war-articles\/starlet-turned-spy-josephine-baker.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">War History Online<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Josephine Baker broke color barriers, is a feminist icon, advocated for Civil Rights and became the most famous woman in France throughout the 1920s and \u201930s. Her role with the French Resistance received little attention when compared to her performances in \u201cbanana-skirts,\u201d film appearances and vaudeville routines. Yet, she was able to use her star power to gain access to Axis secrets during the Second World War.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While she\u2019s an overall remarkable woman, her time as a French spy is truly fascinating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Josephine Baker\u2019s early life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Josephine Baker was born on June 3, 1906 in St. Louis, Missouri. She grew up in poverty, without a father. Between the ages 8 and 10, she left school to support her family, performing odd jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When Baker was 16 years old, she joined a dance troupe from Philadelphia and began touring. She was a chorus girl, performing in&nbsp;<em>Shuffle Along<\/em>&nbsp;(1921) and&nbsp;<em>The Chocolate Dandies<\/em>&nbsp;(1924) in New York City.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1925, Baker went to Paris, where she became an overnight success, first as an erotic dancer, and eventually as both a film star and singer. She rubbed elbows with a young&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thevintagenews.com\/2018\/09\/13\/hemingway-and-f-scott-fitzgerald\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ernest Hemingway<\/a>, was drawn multiple times by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thevintagenews.com\/2017\/12\/15\/mona-lisa-was-stolen-in-1911-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Pablo Picasso<\/a>&nbsp;and befriended Jean Cocteau, who helped her become the highest-paid entertainer in pre-war France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She became a French citizen in 1937 and was ready to risk everything for her new country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Beginning of the Second World War<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/britain-and-france-declare-war-on-germany\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">France declared war on Germany<\/a>\u00a0in September 1939, intelligence agent Jacques Abtey met with Josephine Baker to recruit her to the Deuxi\u00e8me Bureau de l\u2019Etat-major g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u2014 the country\u2019s military intelligence agency. The agency didn\u2019t usually recruit female correspondents, but Baker was chosen because of her celebrity status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Baker seemed to have just what the Deuxi\u00e8me Bureau was looking for. When Abtey first met with Baker, he&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/josephinehungryh00bake\/page\/244\/mode\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">recalled her saying<\/a>, \u201cFrance made me what I am. The Parisians gave me their hearts, and I am ready to give them my life.\u201d Not only was she ready to give her life for France, she was also able to offer invaluable connections to the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.warhistoryonline.com\/war-articles\/jean-moulin-french-resistance-fighter.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">French Resistance<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result her celebrity status, Baker was able to secure invites to parties held at the Italian and Japanese embassies. She often wrioe notes on her hands and arms about conversations she heard at these events, so she wouldn\u2019t forget them. Despite being a rather dangerous practice, she\u2019d just laugh and say, \u201cno one would ever think I am a spy,\u201d when confronted about it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The German Army closes in on Paris<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was clear to Jacques Abtey that Paris was soon going to fall to the Germans, so he urged Josephine Baker to go south. After all, she symbolized all the things Germany\u2019s regime hated. She was a successful, Black, bisexual woman who, in 1937, had married a Jewish man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In June 1940, Baker packed up all of her priceless possessions (including a bed once owned by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thevintagenews.com\/2021\/11\/02\/marie-antoinette-was-probably-the-first-person-ever-to-be-catfished\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marie Antoinette<\/a>) and traveled 300 miles southwest. There, she rented a chateau and hid both refugees and French Resistance members in her new residence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In November of that year, Abtey and Baker worked together to smuggle documents to Gen.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.warhistoryonline.com\/instant-articles\/notre-dame-de-gaulle.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Charles de Gaulle<\/a>&nbsp;and the Free French Government-in-exile in London. Information the French Resistance had gathered was transcribed in invisible ink onto Baker\u2019s sheet music, while important photographs were pinned under her dress. Claiming to be embarking on a South American tour, Baker and Abtey planned to get to London through neutral Portugal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, to do so, they first had to cross the Spanish border. While this initially caused concern for members of the Resistance and Abtey, who was posing as Baker\u2019s ballet instructor, the Spanish border guards and German police were so captivated by her that the pair ended up having no problems crossing the border. Their documents had went completely undetected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Baker was in Portugal and Spain, she continued her espionage work at embassy parties, gaining details on Axis troop movements. Instead of writing notes on her arms, she wrote them on pieces of paper and attach them to her bra with a safety pin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Later, she&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/josephine-baker-world-war-ii-spy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wrote<\/a>&nbsp;that she wasn\u2019t concerned about the tactic, saying, \u201cMy notes would have been highly compromising had they been discovered, but who would dare search Josephine Baker to the skin? When they ask me for papers, they generally meant autographs.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Josephine Baker travels to North Africa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In January 1941, Jacques Abtey and Josephine Baker were sent to Morocco to set up a liaison and transmission center in Casablanca. For the trip, Baker brought with her two emeralds, 28 pieces of luggage, a Great Dane, two mice and three monkeys. It would have been more suspicious, she reasoned, if she had been traveling light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Morocco, Baker worked closely with French Resistance networks and used her connections to secure passports for Jews fleeing the Germans in Eastern Europe. However, in June 1941, she fell ill with peritonitis, leading to multiple surgeries and an 18-month hospital stay. She was so sick that multiple news outlets ran stories about her death. In an interview with&nbsp;<em>Afro-American,<\/em>&nbsp;she told reporter Ollie Stewart that this was a \u201cslight error\u201d because she was \u201cmuch too busy to die.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Baker continued to be involved in her work, even as she recovered, with diplomats and fellow French Resistance members holding meetings at her bed. When she was fully recovered, she embarked on a tour in North Africa, entertaining the troops stationed there and bringing in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/memory-action\/the-double-life-of-josephine-baker-ad35134af8dd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">more than three million Francs<\/a>&nbsp;for the French Free Army.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Along with the money made from her tour, Baker also sold her own personal possessions to raise money for the poor citizens of Paris and the French Free Army. She once auctioned off her gold cross of Lorraine for 300,00 Francs and donated it&nbsp;all to the Resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Josephine Baker is awarded for her efforts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although Josephine Baker refused to accept any money for her work in the French Resistance, she gained even more recognition than she\u2019d had before the start of the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.warhistoryonline.com\/world-war-ii\/david-niven.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Second World War<\/a>. For her courageous efforts and service, the Women\u2019s Auxiliary of the French Air Force made her an officer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the rest of her life, she wore her Air Force uniform for public appearances,&nbsp; including at the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/black-history\/march-on-washington\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">March on Washington<\/a>&nbsp;in 1963.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1945, de Gaulle presented Baker with two prestigious honors, the&nbsp;<em>Croix de Guerre<\/em>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<em>Rosette de la R\u00e9sistance.&nbsp;<\/em>He also named her a&nbsp;<em>Chevalier de L\u00e9gion d\u2019Honneur<\/em>&nbsp;\u2013 the highest order of merit for military and civil action. When&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/stage\/2015\/aug\/26\/josephine-baker-interview-1974\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">asked about these awards,<\/a>&nbsp;she recalled asking why she was receiving them, feeling that \u201cothers deserved it more.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When Baker was\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=Kd4DAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA176&amp;lpg=PA176&amp;dq=&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">asked<\/a>\u00a0why she\u2019d volunteered with the French Resistance<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=Kd4DAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA176&amp;lpg=PA176&amp;dq=&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">,<\/a>\u00a0she recalled, \u201d Of course I wanted to do all I could to aid France, but the thing that drove me as strongly as did the patriotism was my violent hatred of discrimination in any form. The [German Army] were racists. They were bigots. I despised that sort of thing. I was determined that they must be defeated.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Those calling liberals themselves the &#8220;Resistance&#8221; with the political climate in the midst in the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20771,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2058],"tags":[2079,2080,1078],"class_list":["post-20769","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-black-history-matters","tag-josephine-baker","tag-spy","tag-world-war-ii"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This 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